ʻO ka pākaukau lithium-ion a i ʻole ka pā Li-ion (i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻo LIB) kahi ʻano o ka pākaukau rechargeable.Hoʻohana maʻamau ʻia nā pākahi Lithium-ion no nā uila uila a me nā kaʻa uila a ke ulu nei i ka kaulana no nā noi koa a me ka aerospace.Ua hoʻomohala ʻia kahi pākaukau Li-ion prototype e Akira Yoshino i ka makahiki 1985, ma muli o ka noiʻi mua ʻana e John Goodenough, M. Stanley Whittingham, Rachid Yazami a me Koichi Mizushima i nā makahiki 1970-1980, a laila ua hoʻomohala ʻia kahi pānaʻi Li-ion kalepa e kahi ʻO Sony a me ka hui ʻo Asahi Kasei i alakaʻi ʻia e Yoshio Nishi ma 1991. I ka makahiki 2019, ua hāʻawi ʻia ka makana no ka Nobel ma ke kemika iā Yoshino, Goodenough, a me Whittingham "no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻona lithium ion".

I loko o nā pila, neʻe nā ion lithium mai ka electrode maikaʻi ʻole ma o kahi electrolyte i ka electrode maikaʻi i ka wā e hoʻokuʻu ai, a hoʻi i ka wā e hoʻouka ai.Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻona Li-ion i kahi pūhui lithium intercalated e like me ka mea ma ka electrode maikaʻi a me ka graphite maʻamau i ka electrode maikaʻi ʻole.He kiʻekiʻe ka ikehu kiʻekiʻe o nā pila, ʻaʻohe hopena hoʻomanaʻo (ma waho aʻe o nā pūnaewele LFP) a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.Hiki nō naʻe ke lilo i mea pōʻino no ka mea aia i loko o lākou nā electrolytes hiki ke puhi ʻia, a inā ʻino a hoʻopiʻi hewa ʻole hiki ke alakaʻi i nā pahū a me ke ahi.Ua koi ʻia ʻo Samsung e hoʻomanaʻo i nā kelepona ʻo Galaxy Note 7 ma hope o ke ahi lithium-ion, a ua nui nā hanana e pili ana i nā pā ma Boeing 787s.

ʻOkoʻa nā ʻano kemika, ka hana, ke kumukūʻai a me ka palekana ma nā ʻano LIB.Hoʻohana nui nā mea uila paʻa lima i nā pākahi lithium polymer (me ka polymer gel e like me ka electrolyte) me ka lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) ma ke ʻano cathode, e hāʻawi ana i ka ikehu kiʻekiʻe, akā e hōʻike ana i nā pōʻino palekana, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ke poino.Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4), lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4, Li2MnO3, a i ʻole LMO), a me ka lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (LiNiMnCoO2 a i ʻole NMC) hāʻawi i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka ikehu akā ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ke ola a emi ʻole ke ahi a pahū paha.Hoʻohana nui ʻia ia mau ʻāpana no nā mea uila, nā mea lapaʻau, a me nā hana ʻē aʻe.Hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo NMC a me kāna mau derivatives i nā kaʻa uila.

ʻO nā wahi noiʻi no nā pākahi lithium-ion ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke ola, ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ikehu, ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka palekana, ka hoʻemi ʻana i ke kumukūʻai, a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻouka ʻana, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.Ua hoʻomaka ka noiʻi ma ka wahi o nā electrolytes non-flammable ma ke ʻano he ala e hoʻonui ai i ka palekana ma muli o ka flammability a me ka volatility o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe organik i hoʻohana ʻia i ka electrolyte maʻamau.Loaʻa nā pākaukau lithium-ion wai, nā electrolytes paʻa ceramic, nā electrolytes polymer, nā wai ionic, a me nā ʻōnaehana fluorinated nui.

ʻO ka pākaukau me ke kelepona

ʻO ke kelepona kahi ʻāpana electrochemical maʻamau i loaʻa nā electrodes, separator, a me nā electrolyte.

ʻO ka pākaukau a i ʻole ka ʻeke pila he hōʻiliʻili o nā cell a i ʻole nā ​​​​hui pūnaewele, me ka hale, nā pilina uila, a me nā mea uila no ka hoʻomalu a me ka pale.

Anode a me cathode electrodes
No nā pūnaewele hiki ke hoʻouka hou ʻia, ʻo ka huaʻōlelo anode (a i ʻole electrode maikaʻi ʻole) ke kuhikuhi nei i ka electrode kahi e hana ʻia ai ka oxidation i ka wā o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana;ʻo ka electrode ʻē aʻe ka cathode (a i ʻole electrode maikaʻi).I ka wā o ke kaʻina hana, lilo ka electrode maikaʻi i anode a lilo ka electrode ʻino i cathode.No ka hapa nui o nā pūnaewele lithium-ion, ʻo ka electrode lithium-oxide ka electrode maikaʻi;no nā pūnaewele lithium-ion titanate (LTO), ʻo ka electrode lithium-oxide ka electrode maikaʻi ʻole.

Moolelo

Ka hope

Varta lithium-ion pākaukau, Hale Hōʻikeʻike Autovision, Altlussheim, Kelemānia
Ua hoʻolālā ʻia nā pānaʻi lithium e ka mea lapaʻau Pelekania a me ka loaʻa pū ʻana o ka makana Nobel 2019 no ke kemika M. Stanley Whittingham, i kēia manawa ma ke Kulanui ʻo Binghamton, ʻoiai e hana ana no Exxon i nā makahiki 1970.Ua hoʻohana ʻo Whittingham i ka titanium(IV) sulfide a me ka metala lithium e like me nā electrodes.Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kēia pākaukau lithium rechargeable.He koho maikaʻi ʻole ka Titanium disulfide, no ka mea, pono e hoʻopili ʻia ma lalo o nā kūlana i hoʻopaʻa paʻa ʻia, ʻoi aku ke kumukūʻai (~ $1,000 no ka kilokani no ka titanium disulfide raw material ma 1970s).Ke ʻike ʻia i ka ea, hana ka titanium disulfide e hana i nā pūhui hydrogen sulfide, he ʻala maikaʻi ʻole a he mea make i ka hapa nui o nā holoholona.No kēia, a me nā kumu ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻopau ʻo Exxon i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka pākaukau lithium-titanium disulfide o Whittingham.[28]Ua hōʻike ʻia nā pila me nā electrodes lithium metala i nā pilikia palekana, no ka mea, e hana ana ka metala lithium me ka wai, e hoʻokuʻu ana i ke kinoea hydrogen flammable.No laila, ua neʻe ka noiʻi e hoʻomohala i nā ʻaʻa, ma kahi o ka lithium metallic, aia wale nō nā pūhui lithium, hiki ke ʻae a hoʻokuʻu i nā ion lithium.

Ua ʻike ʻia ka intercalation hiki ke hoʻohuli ʻia i ka graphite a me ka intercalation i loko o nā oxide cathodic i ka makahiki 1974-76 e JO Besenhard ma TU Munich.Ua noi ʻo Besenhard i kāna noi ʻana i nā cell lithium.ʻO ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka electrolyte a me ka hui pū ʻana o ka solvent i loko o ka graphite, he mau hemahema mua loa ia no ke ola pākaukau.

Hoʻomohala

1973 - Ua hāʻawi aku ʻo Adam Heller i ka pākaukau lithium thionyl chloride, i hoʻohana mau ʻia i nā lāʻau lapaʻau i hoʻokomo ʻia a i nā ʻōnaehana pale kahi e pono ai ka ʻoi aku ma mua o 20-makahiki ola, kiʻekiʻe o ka ikehu, a / a i ʻole ka hoʻomanawanui ʻana i nā mahana hana koʻikoʻi.
1977 - Ua hōʻike ʻo Samar Basu i ka intercalation electrochemical o ka lithium ma ka graphite ma ke Kulanui o Pennsylvania.Ua alakaʻi kēia i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi electrode graphite intercalated lithium i hana ʻia ma Bell Labs (LiC6) e hāʻawi i kahi ʻokoʻa i ka lithium metal electrode battery.
1979 - Ke hana nei i nā hui like ʻole, ʻo Ned A. Godshall et al., a, ma hope koke iho, ua hōʻike ʻo John B. Goodenough (Oxford University) a me Koichi Mizushima (Ke Kulanui o Tokyo), i kahi cell lithium rechargeable me ka uila i ka 4 V me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lithium ʻO ka cobalt dioxide (LiCoO2) ma ke ʻano he electrode maikaʻi a me ka metala lithium ma ke ʻano he electrode maikaʻi ʻole.Hāʻawi kēia mea hou i nā mea electrode maikaʻi i hiki ke hoʻohana i nā ʻeke lithium pāʻoihana mua.ʻO LiCoO2 kahi mea electrode maikaʻi paʻa e hana ana ma ke ʻano he mea hāʻawi i nā ion lithium, ʻo ia ka mea hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia me kahi mea electrode maikaʻi ʻole ma waho o ka metala lithium.Ma ka ʻae ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea electrode maikaʻi ʻole paʻa a maʻalahi hoʻi, ua hiki iā LiCoO2 ke hoʻohana i nā ʻōnaehana pākaukau hou.Godshall et al.ua ʻike hou aʻe i ka waiwai like o ka ternary compound lithium-transition metal-oxides e like me ka spinel LiMn2O4, Li2MnO3, LiMnO2, LiFeO2, LiFe5O8, a me LiFe5O4 (a ma hope o ka lithium-copper-oxide a me nā mea cathode lithium-nickel-oxide ma 1985)
1980 - Ua hōʻike ʻo Rachid Yazami i ka intercalation electrochemical reversible o ka lithium i ka graphite, a ua hana i ka lithium graphite electrode (anode).Hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā electrolytes organik i kēlā manawa i ka wā o ka hoʻouka ʻana me kahi electrode graphite maikaʻi ʻole.Ua hoʻohana ʻo Yazami i kahi electrolyte paʻa e hōʻike i ka hiki ke hoʻohuli hou ʻia ka lithium i ka graphite ma o ka mīkini electrochemical.I ka makahiki 2011, ʻo ka graphite electrode o Yazami ka electrode maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia i nā pā pāʻani lithium-ion kalepa.
Loaʻa ka electrode maikaʻi ʻole i ka PAS (polyacenic semiconductive material) i ʻike ʻia e Tokio Yamabe a ma hope e Shjzukuni Yata i ka makahiki 1980.ʻO ka hua o kēia ʻenehana ka loaʻa ʻana o nā polymers conductive e Professor Hideki Shirakawa a me kāna hui, a hiki ke ʻike ʻia ʻo ia ka hoʻomaka ʻana mai ka polyacetylene lithium ion pākahi i hoʻomohala ʻia e Alan MacDiarmid a me Alan J. Heeger et al.
1982 – Godshall et al.ua hāʻawi ʻia ka US Patent 4,340,652 no ka hoʻohana ʻana iā LiCoO2 ma ke ʻano he cathodes i loko o nā pā lithium, ma muli o Godshall's Stanford University Ph.D.palapala a me nā puke 1979.
1983 - Ua hoʻomohala ʻo Michael M. Thackeray, Peter Bruce, William David, a me John Goodenough i kahi spinel manganese ma ke ʻano he mea cathode i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka pāʻoihana no nā pākahi lithium-ion.
1985 - Ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻo Akira Yoshino i kahi cell prototype me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea carbonaceous i hiki ke hoʻokomo ʻia nā ion lithium ma ke ʻano he electrode, a me ka lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) e like me kekahi.Ua hoʻomaikaʻi nui kēia i ka palekana.Ua hiki iā LiCoO2 i ka hana ʻenehana a hiki i ka pā uila lithium-ion pāʻoihana.
1989 - Ua ʻike ʻo Arumugam Manthiram lāua ʻo John B. Goodenough i ka papa polyanion o nā cathodes.Ua hōʻike lākou i nā electrodes maikaʻi i loaʻa nā polyanions, e laʻa, sulfates, e hoʻopuka i nā voltage kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā oxides ma muli o ka hopena inductive o ka polyanion.Aia kēia papa polyanion i nā mea e like me ka lithium iron phosphate.

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